Introduction In today’s digital world, web applications rely heavily on session management to maintain user authentication and state. Session tokens (or session IDs) are used to identify users after login, allowing seamless interaction without repeated authentication. However, if these tokens are intercepted or stolen, attackers can launch session replay attacks—a serious security threat where an attacker…
Introduction Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is widely regarded as a critical security measure to protect against unauthorized access. By requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification—such as passwords, SMS codes, biometrics, or hardware tokens—MFA significantly reduces the risk of account compromise. However, MFA is not foolproof. Attackers have developed sophisticated techniques to bypass MFA, exploiting…
Introduction In today’s digital age, cybersecurity threats are evolving rapidly, and one of the oldest yet most effective attack methods is the Brute Force Attack. These attacks exploit weak login mechanisms by systematically guessing passwords until the correct one is found. Despite advancements in security, many organizations and individuals still fall victim to brute force attacks…
Introduction In today’s digital landscape, cyber threats are evolving at an alarming rate. Among these threats, credential stuffing has emerged as one of the most pervasive and damaging attack methods. Unlike brute-force attacks that rely on trial-and-error password guessing, credential stuffing leverages previously leaked username and password combinations from past data breaches to gain unauthorized access to…
